v Definition
A. Direct Speech
Direct speech is the original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are
enclosed in quotation mark.
B. Indirect Speech
Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word. So, Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) is used when we want to report the words of one person to another indirectly.
v Function
We use reported speech when we want ro repeat what someone had previously said. The changing from direct to indirect speech is time change and tenses change
A. Time Change
If the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting. There are the following details :
|
Direct |
Indirect |
|
Ago |
Before |
|
Come |
Do |
|
Hence |
Thence |
|
Here |
There |
|
Hither |
Thither |
|
Last night |
The previous night |
|
Next week |
The following week |
|
Now |
Then |
|
These |
Those |
|
This |
That |
|
Thus |
So |
|
Today |
That day |
|
Tomorrow |
Next day |
|
Yesterday |
The previous day |
B. Tenses change
As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right). Modal verb forms also sometimes change:
|
Direct |
Indirect |
|
Will |
Would |
|
Can |
Could |
|
Must |
Had to |
|
Shall |
Should |
|
May |
Might |
!Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.
There are examples of direct speech to indirect speech positive, negative and Yes-no question form :
|
No |
Direct Speech |
Indirect Speech |
||
|
1 |
» Simple Present Tenses |
» Simple Past Tenses |
||
|
+ |
S + V1(s,es) + o/c |
+ |
S + V2 + o/c |
|
|
- |
S + Do/Does + V1 + o/c |
- |
S + Did + Not + V1 + o/c |
|
|
? |
Do/Does + S + V1 + o/c |
? |
Did + S + V1 + o/c |
|
|
Example : (+) Budi said, “I live in Bandung” (-) Ani said, “I don’t go shopping tomorrow” (?) Peter said me, “Do you love movie?” |
Example : (+) Budi said that he lived in Bandung (-) Ani said that she didn’t go shopping next day (?) Peter asked me if i loved movie |
|||
|
2 |
» Present Continuous Tenses |
» Past Continuous Tenses |
||
|
+ |
S + TOBE(Is, Am, Are) + V1 + Ing |
+ |
S + TOBE(Was,Were) + V1 + Ing |
|
|
- |
S + TOBE(Is, Am, Are) + Not + V1 + Ing |
- |
S + TOBE(Was,Were) + Not + V1 + Ing |
|
|
? |
TOBE(Is, Am, Are) + S + V1 + Ing |
? |
TOBE(Was,Were) + S + V1 + Ing |
|
|
Example : (-) Luna said, “You aren’t reading the novel” (?) The cashier said me, “Are you a student?” |
Example : (+) Lucy said that her father was drinking a glass of water (-) Luna said that she wasn’t reading the novel (?) The cashier asked me if i was a student |
|||
|
3 |
» Present Perfect Tenses |
» Past Perfect Tenses |
||
|
+ |
S + Have/Has + V3 |
+ |
S + Had + V3 |
|
|
- |
S + Have/Has + Not + V3 |
- |
S + Had + Not + V3 |
|
|
? |
Have/Has + S + V3 |
? |
Had + S + V3 |
|
|
(+) Albert said, “I have had three bags of popcorns” (-) Peter said, “John hasn’t answered two questions today” (?) Lucy said me, “Have you met Santi yesterday?” |
(+) Aalbert said that he had had three bags of popcorns (-) Peter said that John hadn’t answered two questions that day
(?) Lucy asked me whether i have met Santi previous day |
|||
|
4 |
» Present Perfect Continuous Tenses |
» Past Perfect Continuous Tenses |
||
|
+ |
S + Have/Has + Been + V1 + ing |
+ |
S + Had + Been + V1 + Ing |
|
|
- |
S + Have/Has + Been + Not + V1 + ing |
- |
S + Had + Been + Not V1 + Ing |
|
|
? |
Have/Has + S + Been + V1 + ing |
? |
Had + S + Been + V1 + Ing |
|
|
(+) Sherry said, “I have been reading the book” (-) Sherry said, “Selena has been not reading a newspeper” (?) Andi said me, “have you been working in this company for next week?” |
(+) Sherry said that she had been reading the book (-) Sherry said that Selena had been not reading a newspaper (?) Andi asked me if i had been working in that company for the following week |
|||
|
5 |
» Simple Past Tenses |
» Past Pefect Tenses |
||
|
+ |
S + V2 + o/c |
+ |
S + Had + V3 |
|
|
- |
S + Did + Not + V1 + o/c |
- |
S + Had + Not + V3 |
|
|
? |
Did + S + V1 + o/c |
? |
Had + S + V3 |
|
|
(+) Johan said, “I ate that food today”
(-) Tono said, “I didn’t leave you here” (?) Lena asked me, “Did you meet Hana at the Cinema today?” |
(+) Johan said that he had eaten those food that day (-) Tono said that he hadn’t left me there (?) Lena asked me whether i had met Hana at the Cinema that day? |
|||
|
6 |
» Past Continuous Tenses |
» Past Perfect Continuous Tenses |
||
|
+ |
S + TOBE(Was,Were) + V1 + Ing |
+ |
S + Had + Been + V1 + Ing |
|
|
- |
S + TOBE(Was,Were) + Not + V1 + Ing |
- |
S + Had + Been + Not V1 + Ing |
|
|
? |
TOBE(Was,Were) + S + V1 + Ing |
? |
Had + S + Been + V1 + Ing |
|
|
(+) Susi said, “My father was reading a newspaper this morning” (-) Nona said, “My sisters weren’t going to my grandma’s house tomorrow” (?) Leny asked me, “Was Nona learning english? |
(+) Susi said that her father had been reading a newspaper that morning (-) Nona said that her sisters had been not going to her grandma’s house next day (?) Leny asked me whether Nona had been learning english? |
|||
|
7 |
» Simple Future Tenses |
» Past Future Tenses |
||
|
+ |
S + Will/Shall + V1 |
+ |
S + Would/Should + V1 |
|
|
- |
S + Will/Shall + Not + V1 |
- |
S + Would/Should + Not + V1 |
|
|
? |
Will /Shall + S + V1 |
? |
Would/Should + Not + V1 |
|
|
(+) Joni said, “My parents will come to my house” (-) Tono said, “We will not leave for Indonesia” (?) Joni asked me, “Will my parents come to my house?” |
(+) Joni said that his parents would come to his house (-) Tono said that they would not leave for Indonesia (?) Joni asked me if his parents would come his house |
|||
Wh- Question Form
|
Tenses |
Direct Speech |
Indirect Speech |
|
Simple Present Tenses |
Peter asked me, “Why do you love movie?” |
Peter asked me why do you loved movie?” |
|
Present Continuous Tenses |
The cashier asked me, “What are you a student?” |
The cashier asked me what i was a student |
|
Present Perfect Tenses |
Lucy asked me, “What have you met Santi yesterday?” |
(?) Lucy asked me what i have met Santi previous day |
|
Present Perfect Continuous Tenses |
Andi aaked me, “What have you been working in this company for next week?” |
Andi asked me whati had been working in that company for the following week |
|
Simple Past Tenses |
Lena asked me, “What did you meet Hana at the Cinema today?” |
Lena asked me what i had met Hana at the Cinema that day |
|
Past Continuous Tenses |
Leny asked me, “Why was Nona learning english?” |
Leny asked me why Nona had been learning english |
|
Simple Future Tenses |
Joni asked me, “What will my parents come to my house?” |
Joni asked me what his parents would come his house |
Imperative form
|
Function |
Direct speech |
Indirect speech |
|
Command |
Mother said, “Kill these cat!” |
Mother said to kill those cat |
|
|
Mother said, “Don’t kill these cat!” |
Mother said not to kill those cat |
|
Request |
He said, "May I have a glass of water?" |
He asked for a glass of water. |
Referensi :
http://nadianingsih.blogspot.com/search?q=direct+and+indirect+speech
http://muhammadready.blogspot.com/
http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/reportedspeech.html
http://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/how-use-reported-speech
http://www.studyandexam.com/direct-indirect-speech.html
http://tatabahasainggris.com/?s=indirect+speech
http://herman-march.blogspot.com/2011/05/perubahan-tense-direct-dan-indirect.html
